Andrews and Goodson's article

Andrews and Goodson's article: A comparative Analysis of Models of Instructional Design

Systematic approach in the design of instruction is a problem-solving process, which requires the identification of instructional problems or needs and corresponding solutions by means of effective and efficient teaching-learning activities based on relevant objectives (Waldron, 1973, p.2)

The requirement for the model: to prescribe the sequence of events and functions for the tasks that lead to effective instruction.

Proposes of instructional design models:

1. Improving learning and instruction by the problem-solving and feedback characteristics of the systematic approach.

2. Improving management of instructional design and development by the monitoring and control functions of the systematic approach.

3. Improving evaluation processes by the designated components and sequence of events.

4. Testing or building learning or instructional theory b theory-based design within a model of systematic instructional design.

Two ID model categorizations are presented:

First schema describes the tasks in ID model development: 1. Outcomes, 2. Tests, 3. Analysis, 4. Sequence, 5. Leaner attributes, 6. Strategy, 7. Media, 8. Development, 9. Tryout/revision, 10. Install/maintain, 11. Need, 12. Alternatives, 13. Constraints, 14. Cost.

Second schema categorizes the instructional design models by origin, theoretical underpinnings, purposes and uses, and documentation. People should not only select the most appropriate model for given purposes and uses but also identify at least the general type of theory basis for a given model.